Analysis and Enlightenment of innovation policy of small and medium-sized enterprises in the United States
Date：2021-08-25，View：200，
Author: Li Yajun
[Abstract] the U.S. government has effectively promoted the development of innovation and Entrepreneurship of small and medium-sized enterprises by providing demand, supply and environmental support policies for small and medium-sized enterprises. Through the overview of three types of innovation policies in the United States, this paper briefly outlines the policy system of the U.S. government to support the innovation and Entrepreneurship of small and medium-sized enterprises, and provides suggestions for our government to build the innovation system of small and medium-sized enterprises.
[Key words] SME innovation and entrepreneurship policy support
1、 Introduction
Recent studies have shown that the science and technology policies issued by the government play an important role in the development of technological innovation. The research on innovation policy has attracted the attention of more and more scholars. Scholars have studied the necessity of government innovation policy from different angles. Lall, sanjaya (2006) pointed out that the government can improve the innovation ability of enterprises by adopting certain intervention policies. Myung believes that appropriate government intervention can effectively promote the diffusion of regional innovation. Cheng Hua and Zhao Xiang (2008) found that government science and technology funding can significantly promote the R & D investment of enterprises in the next year. Therefore, the government should formulate scientific and technological innovation policies suitable for the characteristics of the region, so as to improve the innovation ability of the region and enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.
2、 Analysis of innovation policy of small and medium-sized enterprises in the United States
The U.S. innovation policies supporting small and medium-sized enterprises can be divided into demand government procurement policies, supply human resources policies and environmental fiscal and tax resources policies.
（1） Demand policy
The demand policies of the U.S. government to promote innovation mainly include the procurement policies of government departments and the business matching plan of the U.S. Small Business Administration.
The procurement of the U.S. government is mainly about the procurement of telecommunications equipment and communication services and other products and services, which is in the charge of the U.S. Bureau of technology and the comprehensive service department of the state government. The U.S. government purchases more than $10 billion a year, mainly in the form of e-procurement. The procurement policy of the U.S. government has special provisions for small and medium-sized enterprises: government departments need to give procurement not less than 25% of the procurement amount to small enterprises every year; In procurement bidding activities, small enterprises must be given a bidding preference of at least 5%. The business matching program was founded by the small business administration and a cooperative organization of HP. Later, after continuous development, a large number of cooperative enterprises joined in, and gradually became an important plan for SBA to support the development of small enterprises. It provides sales opportunities for small businesses from government agencies and large enterprises by integrating a large number of procurement representatives from the public and private sectors.
（2） Supply policy
The supply policies to promote innovation in the United States mainly include human resources policies to promote talent training and core retired executive services to provide technical guidance.
The human resources policy of the United States is implemented by the California Bureau of labor, which mainly provides financial support for the talent training of enterprises. The scope of financial support mainly includes the training of small business employees and small business owners. Through training, business owners can improve their management skills, so that employees can improve their vocational skills and better meet the needs of work. Core executive retirement service, also known as "American small business consultant", is mainly composed of retired senior managers with rich enterprise management experience. It helps small businesses grow and succeed through face-to-face guidance and online consulting.
（3） Environmental policy
The environmental policies to promote innovation in the United States mainly include tax policy and financial policy. The preferential tax policy of the United States is mainly the Tax Deduction Policy for R & D expenses. The tax bureau allows enterprises to deduct 15% of their internal R & D expenses or 24% of their external R & D expenses from enterprise income tax. The U.S. financial policy is mainly the loan guarantee of the U.S. Small Business Administration. The small business administration provides funds for the development of small businesses through small business loan guarantee. The loan guarantee program provides funds to small businesses that cannot obtain commercial loans through government guarantees. For loans under $1 million, the plan can provide no more than 80% guarantee.
3、 Enlightenment of California's policy of supporting innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises to China
The basic national conditions of China and the United States are different, and there are differences in the setting of government institutions, the division of functions and the formulation and implementation of policies. However, as the world's Innovation Center, the United States is in a leading position in scientific and technological R & D and technological innovation, and its experience is worthy of our reference. Therefore, learning from the experience of supporting innovation and Entrepreneurship of small and medium-sized enterprises in the United States and combined with China's own current situation, improving the current innovation and entrepreneurship policy system can effectively promote the development of innovation and entrepreneurship in China.
（1） Establish a service-oriented government and become a promoter of innovation and development
As a service provider of small and medium-sized enterprises, the U.S. government mainly encourages and guides small and medium-sized enterprises through indirect ways to serve the innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, establishing a service-oriented government, realizing the transformation of government functions and highlighting the innovation subject status of enterprises will be the key to the development of innovation and entrepreneurship in China.
（2） Adopt environmental policies and establish a policy environment to promote innovation
The California government mainly adopts environmental policies to promote innovation to promote the innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in California. Encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out technological innovation through R & D tax credit. Establish a sound financial system to provide effective support for the innovative development of small and medium-sized enterprises. China's SME innovation and development policy prefers financial support, and the government's financial investment has become an important part of the innovation policy. Therefore, it is an urgent problem for our government to learn from the experience of the United States, change the way of government support and establish a perfect innovative development environment.
（3） Establish training and consulting system
In the construction of support system in the public sphere, the United States has carried out a series of education, training and consulting services. Through the education and training of labor force, the management skills of small business owners and professional skills of employees have been improved. Help small business owners start businesses through the consulting services of retired executives. However, China is still in its infancy in education, training and consulting, and there is no training and consulting institution for small business owners and employees. Therefore, our government should strengthen the education and consulting services for small and medium-sized enterprises and establish a training and consulting system for small and medium-sized enterprises.
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Source: times finance, issue 3, 2016
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